Integration of renewable energy sources and storage systems into autonomous rural households in central Russia

Abstract

In modern Russia, ensuring reliable energy supply for autonomous country households in the central regions is relevant due to the deterioration of centralized grids and the desire for energy independence. The study focuses on integrating renewable energy sources(RES), such as solar panels and wind turbines, with energy storage systems(ESS) to minimize costs and improve reliability, taking into account climate stochasticity and battery degradation. The objective is to develop a multi-criteria optimization model for hybrid systems that guarantees uninterrupted power supply while reducing the levelized cost of energy(LCOE). Methods include stochastic simulation modeling in MATLAB/Simulink using meteorological data from Roshydromet for 2015-2024 (insolation, wind, temperature). Photovoltaic and wind installations, as well as Li-ion and Lead-Acid batteries, were modeled considering efficiency, degradation, and depth of discharge. Load profiles were statistically synthesized. Parameter optimization(RES capacity, ESS capacity) was performed using a genetic algorithm minimizing LCOE at 99% reliability, analyzing 100,000 configurations. Results show that hybrid systems(5 kW PV+ 5 kW wind) provide 99,44% reliability, reducing downtime by 6-9 times compared to single-source generation. LFP batteries outperform others in lifespan(5120 cycles) and efficiency(95,8%), yielding an LCOE of 12,92 RUB/kWh over 25 years. Seasonal energy deficit in winter(783 kWh) requires a backup generator to cover 5-10% of the load. The discussion emphasizes the synergistic effect of hybridization, the economic impracticality of 100% autonomy without backup, and the potential of predictive control to extend ESS lifespan by 15-20%. The optimal configuration covers 90-95% of demand with RES, pays off in 14 years, and reduces the carbon footprint. The conclusions propose a model for scaling in regions with similar climates, contributing to sustainable development.