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				<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">IE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">IE</journal-id>
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			<journal-title xml:lang="ru">СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ И ДОРОЖНЫЕ МАШИНЫ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>STROITEL'NYE I DOROZHNYE MASHINY</trans-title></trans-title-group>
</journal-title-group>			<issn pub-type="ppub">0039-2391</issn>			<publisher><publisher-name>ИП Подколзин М.М.</publisher-name></publisher>
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			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">233</article-id>
			<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DESIGN AND MODELING</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ И МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
			<title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Наблюдаемость (logs/metrics/traces) как часть проектирования ИС: SLI/SLO и снижение MTTR</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Observability (logs/metrics/traces) as a component of information system design: SLI/SLO and MTTR reduction</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group>
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						<name name-style="western" specific-use="primary" xml:lang="ru">
							<surname>Ростоцкий</surname>
							<given-names>Максим Викторович</given-names>
						</name>
						<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
							<surname>Rostotskii</surname>
							<given-names>Maxim V.</given-names>
						</name>
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					<email>rostotckii.mv@dvfu.ru</email>
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					<name-alternatives>
						<name name-style="western" specific-use="primary" xml:lang="ru">
							<surname>Берёзкина</surname>
							<given-names>Галина Леонидовна</given-names>
						</name>
						<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
							<surname>Berezkina</surname>
							<given-names>Galina L.</given-names>
						</name>
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					<email>berezkina.gl@dvfu.ru</email>
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						<name name-style="western" specific-use="primary" xml:lang="ru">
							<surname>Вербицкий</surname>
							<given-names>Сергей Сергеевич</given-names>
						</name>
						<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
							<surname>Verbitckii</surname>
							<given-names>Sergey S.</given-names>
						</name>
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					<email>verbitckii.ss@dvfu.ru</email>
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				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name-alternatives>
						<name name-style="western" specific-use="primary" xml:lang="ru">
							<surname>Курилова</surname>
							<given-names>Анна Андреевна</given-names>
						</name>
						<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
							<surname>Kurilova</surname>
							<given-names>Anna A.</given-names>
						</name>
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					<email>kurilova.aa@dvfu.ru</email>
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				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name-alternatives>
						<name name-style="western" specific-use="primary" xml:lang="ru">
							<surname>Фёдорова</surname>
							<given-names>Мария Андреевна</given-names>
						</name>
						<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
							<surname>Fedorova</surname>
							<given-names>Maria A.</given-names>
						</name>
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					<email>fedorova.man@dvfu.ru</email>
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				<aff xml:lang="ru"><institution content-type="orgname">Дальневосточный федеральный университет, 690922, г. Владивосток, о. Русский, п. Аякс, 10</institution></aff>
				<aff xml:lang="en"><institution content-type="orgname">Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russky Island, Ayaks, 10</institution></aff>
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			<pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume seq="6">69</volume>
			<issue>12</issue>
				<issue-id>21</issue-id><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Строительные и дорожные машины</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="en">Stroitel'nye i dorozhnye mashiny</issue-title><fpage>117</fpage>
				<lpage>125</lpage>
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				<copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2025 СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ И ДОРОЖНЫЕ МАШИНЫ. Все права защищены.</copyright-statement>
				<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2025 STROITEL'NYE I DOROZHNYE MASHINY. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
				<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
				<copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ И ДОРОЖНЫЕ МАШИНЫ</copyright-holder>
				<copyright-holder xml:lang="en">STROITEL'NYE I DOROZHNYE MASHINY</copyright-holder>
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			<abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматривается наблюдаемость распределённых информационных систем как проектируемое свойство, обеспечивающее управляемость сложности микросервисных, событийно-ориентированных и гибридных архитектур за счёт сквозной телеметрии (логи, метрики, распределённые трассы) и формализации надёжности через SLI/SLO и бюджет ошибок. Показано, что изолированное или позднее внедрение инструментов телеметрии формирует слепые зоны, переводя диагностику инцидентов в стохастический режим и ухудшая соответствие эксплуатационных характеристик реальному пользовательскому опыту, особенно в облачных средах с эфемерными ресурсами, где инфраструктурные метрики теряют объяснительную силу. На массиве более 12 000 инцидентов из 148 промышленных систем продемонстрирована количественная связь зрелости наблюдаемости с сокращением времени восстановления: рост покрытия трассировкой и переход от статических порогов к динамическому алертингу на основе SLO сопровождаются многократным снижением MTTR и доли ложных срабатываний, а также уменьшением вариативности восстановления. Подтверждён синергетический эффект триады logs/metrics/traces: полный стек резко снижает время обнаружения и повышает долю инцидентов, устраняемых в пределах SLA. Дополнительно выявлен экономический оптимум детализации данных: адаптивное tail-based сэмплирование обеспечивает лучший возврат инвестиций по сравнению с простым увеличением объёма сохраняемых трасс, отражая закон убывающей отдачи и необходимость семантической фильтрации сигналов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the observability of distributed information systems as a designed property that ensures the manageability of complexity in microservice, event-driven, and hybrid architectures through end-to-end telemetry (logs, metrics, distributed traces) and the formalization of reliability via SLI/SLO and the error budget. It is shown that isolated or late adoption of telemetry tools creates blind spots, shifting incident diagnostics into a stochastic mode and worsening the alignment of operational characteristics with real user experience, especially in cloud environments with ephemeral resources, where infrastructure metrics lose explanatory power. Based on a dataset of more than 12,000 incidents from 148 industrial systems, a quantitative relationship is demonstrated between observability maturity and reduced recovery time: increased tracing coverage and a transition from static thresholds to dynamic SLO-based alerting are accompanied by a multiple reduction in MTTR and the share of false positives, as well as decreased recovery variability. The synergistic effect of the logs/metrics/traces triad is confirmed: a full stack sharply reduces detection time and increases the proportion of incidents resolved within SLA. Additionally, an economic optimum of data granularity is identified: adaptive tail-based sampling provides a better return on investment compared to a simple increase in the volume of stored traces, reflecting the law of diminishing returns and the need for semantic signal filtering.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>observability</kwd><kwd>telemetry</kwd><kwd>logs</kwd><kwd>metrics</kwd><kwd>traces</kwd><kwd>SLI</kwd><kwd>SLO</kwd><kwd>MTTR</kwd><kwd>distributed tracing</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><title>Ключевые слова</title><kwd>наблюдаемость</kwd><kwd>телеметрия</kwd><kwd>логи</kwd><kwd>метрики</kwd><kwd>трассы</kwd><kwd>SLI</kwd><kwd>SLO</kwd><kwd>MTTR</kwd><kwd>распределённая трассировка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group>
				<funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено без внешнего финансирования.</funding-statement>
				<funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted without external funding.</funding-statement>
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