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      <journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">IE</journal-id>
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          <trans-title>STROITEL'NYE I DOROZHNYE MASHINY</trans-title>
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      <issn pub-type="ppub">0039-2391</issn>
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          <trans-title>Study of the influence of truck mixer operating modes on the homogeneity and workability retention of concrete mixtures</trans-title>
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          <institution content-type="orgname">National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26 Yaroslavskoye Shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia</institution>
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      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>30</day>
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      <fpage>79</fpage>
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        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-08">
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          <year>2026</year>
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        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">&#xA9; 2026 STROITEL'NYE I DOROZHNYE MASHINY. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
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&#x441;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x435;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x447;&#x430;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x44B; &#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x432;&#x440;&#x430;&#x449;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x438; &#x447;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x430; &#x43E;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x443;&#x434;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x435;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x448;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x431;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x435;&#x447;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x435;&#x442; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435;&#x442;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x438;&#x435; &#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x438; &#x43A;&#x440;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x440;&#x438;&#x44F;&#x43C; &#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x445;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x438; &#x43C;&#x430;&#x440;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x443;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x443;&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x430;&#x434;&#x44B;&#x432;&#x430;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x43A; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x443; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x433;&#x440;&#x443;&#x437;&#x43A;&#x438;. &#x41D;&#x430; &#x430;&#x432;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x447;&#x451;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x438; &#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x43E;-&#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x446;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x430; &#x431;&#x430;&#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x430; &#x432;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;&#x44E; 7 &#x43C;3 &#x441;&#x43E;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x44B; &#x43F;&#x44F;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x440;&#x435;&#x436;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x431;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x443; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x432;&#x438;&#x436;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;, &#x441;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x440;&#x436;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x437;&#x430;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44F; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x436;&#x434;&#x443; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x438; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x442;&#x440;&#x435;&#x442;&#x44F;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x433;&#x440;&#x443;&#x436;&#x430;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43A;&#x430;, &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x430;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x430;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x441;&#x430;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x443;&#x441;&#x430; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438; &#x442;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x435;&#x440;&#x430;&#x442;&#x443;&#x440;&#x430;&#x445; &#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x438; &#x43E;&#x442; 12 &#x434;&#x43E; 30&#xB0; &#x421;. &#x41F;&#x440;&#x438; &#x44D;&#x444;&#x444;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x43C; &#x447;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435; &#x43E;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x43F;&#x435;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x448;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E; 20 &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x431;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x441; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x433;&#x430;&#x435;&#x442; 8,63%, &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x431;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x441; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x440;&#x436;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43A;&#x440;&#x443;&#x43F;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x437;&#x430;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44F; 5,73% &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438; &#x444;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x43C; &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x431;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x435; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x432;&#x438;&#x436;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; 13,53%; &#x43A;&#x440;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x440;&#x438;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x432;&#x438;&#x436;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43D;&#x44F;&#x435;&#x442;&#x441;&#x44F; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x441; 17 &#x43E;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432;, &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x441; 25, &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x432;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44E; &#x43B;&#x438;&#x448;&#x44C; &#x441; 35. &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x437;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;, &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x443; &#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x440;&#x443;&#x435;&#x442;&#x441;&#x44F; &#x43D;&#x430; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x438;&#x437;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435;, &#x432;&#x44B;&#x445;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x438;&#x442; &#x432; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x43F;&#x443;&#x441;&#x43A; &#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x44C;&#x448;&#x435; &#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x443; &#x43D;&#x435; &#x444;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x438;&#x440;&#x443;&#x435;&#x442; &#x443;&#x436;&#x435; &#x441;&#x444;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x432;&#x448;&#x443;&#x44E;&#x441;&#x44F; &#x43D;&#x435;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;.</p>
      </abstract>
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        <p>The rotation modes of a truck mixer drum are set by the manufacturer&#x2019;s technical specifications, while the normative homogeneity criteria are formulated for mixing equipment and have not been extended to the transport and mixing cycle. The gap raises the question of which combination of transport rotation frequency and number of agitation revolutions keeps the mixture within the homogeneity criteria while retaining the workability grade at discharge. On the author&#x2019;s model of the transport and mixing cycle of a 7 m3 drum, five modes are compared by the spread of slump, aggregate content and strength between the initial and the final third of the discharged flow, by segregation and by the rate of slump loss at 12 to 30&#xB0; &#x421;. At about 20 effective mixing revolutions the strength spread reaches 8,63% and the coarse aggregate spread 5,73%, with a formally acceptable slump spread of 13,53%; the slump criterion is met from 17 revolutions, the strength criterion from 25, the water separation criterion only from 35. The indicator by which homogeneity is monitored in production enters the tolerance earlier than the others and does not capture the non-uniformity already formed.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
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        <kwd>&#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x430;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;</kwd>
        <kwd>&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x44D;&#x444;&#x444;&#x438;&#x446;&#x438;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442; &#x432;&#x430;&#x440;&#x438;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;</kwd>
        <kwd>&#x43E;&#x441;&#x430;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x430; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x443;&#x441;&#x430;</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>truck mixer</kwd>
        <kwd>concrete mixture homogeneity</kwd>
        <kwd>workability retention</kwd>
        <kwd>drum rotation mode</kwd>
        <kwd>agitation before discharge</kwd>
        <kwd>segregation</kwd>
        <kwd>strength variation coefficient</kwd>
        <kwd>slump</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
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        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">&#x418;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43E; &#x431;&#x435;&#x437; &#x432;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x448;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x444;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F;.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted without external funding.</funding-statement>
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        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
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    <ref-list xml:lang="ru">
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        <mixed-citation>&#x412;&#x430;&#x441;&#x438;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x435;&#x432; &#x42F;.&#x412;., &#x413;&#x443;&#x441;&#x435;&#x432;&#x430; &#x410;.&#x412;., &#x412;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x446;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x418;.&#x418;., &#x420;&#x435;&#x43F;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x421;.&#x412;. &#x41C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x430; &#x447;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x446;&#x435;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x448;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F;, &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x430;&#x447;&#x438; &#x438; &#x443;&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x430;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x431;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x430; &#x440;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x431;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x443;&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x430;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x43C;&#x430;&#x448;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x438; // &#x413;&#x440;&#x443;&#x437;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x438;&#x43A;. 2023. &#x2116; 12. &#x421;. 30-33.</mixed-citation>
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      <ref id="R4">
        <mixed-citation>&#x41C;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x436;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x410;.&#x423;., &#x41D;&#x430;&#x431;&#x438;&#x435;&#x432; &#x41C;.&#x41D;., &#x41A;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x41B;.&#x41C;. &#x420;&#x430;&#x437;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x442;&#x435;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x431;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x438; // Universum: &#x442;&#x435;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x435; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x443;&#x43A;&#x438;. 2022. &#x2116; 2-2 (95). &#x421;. 43-46.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R5">
        <mixed-citation>&#x41F;&#x443;&#x445;&#x430;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43A;&#x43E; &#x42E;.&#x412;., &#x41A;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x432;&#x430; &#x410;.&#x42E;. &#x412;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x44F;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x437;&#x430;&#x433;&#x440;&#x443;&#x437;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x432; &#x431;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x43D;&#x430; &#x441;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x439;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x430; &#x431;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x438; &#x438; &#x431;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x430; // &#x412;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43A; &#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x436;&#x434;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x445; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x436;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;. 2025. &#x422;. 22. &#x2116; 2. &#x421;. 87-94.</mixed-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>&#x424;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x421;.&#x412;., &#x411;&#x430;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x41C;.&#x41E;., &#x410;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430; &#x41E;.&#x412;., &#x420;&#x430;&#x437;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x41F;.&#x411;., &#x41A;&#x443;&#x437;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x446;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x418;.&#x410;. &#x41A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x435; &#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x432; &#x443;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x430;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x438; &#x444;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x43E;-&#x445;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x446;&#x435;&#x441;&#x441;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438; &#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x442;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43A;&#x435; &#x431;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x438; // &#x423;&#x43C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x437;&#x438;&#x442;&#x44B; &#x432; &#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435;. 2025. &#x422;. 6. &#x2116; 4. &#x421;. 23-42.</mixed-citation>
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      <ref id="RE14">
        <mixed-citation>Shirzadi Javid A.A., Ghoddousi P., Aghajani S., Naseri H., Hossein Pour S. Investigating the effects of mixing time and mixing speed on rheological properties, workability, and mechanical properties of self-consolidating concretes // International Journal of Civil Engineering. 2021. Vol. 19. &#x2116; 3. pp. 339-355.</mixed-citation>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
