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      <journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">IE</journal-id>
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        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">&#x421;&#x422;&#x420;&#x41E;&#x418;&#x422;&#x415;&#x41B;&#x42C;&#x41D;&#x42B;&#x415; &#x418; &#x414;&#x41E;&#x420;&#x41E;&#x416;&#x41D;&#x42B;&#x415; &#x41C;&#x410;&#x428;&#x418;&#x41D;&#x42B;</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>STROITEL'NYE I DOROZHNYE MASHINY</trans-title>
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      <issn pub-type="ppub">0039-2391</issn>
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        <publisher-name>&#x418;&#x41F; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.</publisher-name>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">333</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other" specific-use="edn">FYLSOU</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25726/x7881-4033-1442-k</article-id>
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          <subject>&#x41C;&#x410;&#x428;&#x418;&#x41D;&#x42B; &#x418; &#x41C;&#x415;&#x425;&#x410;&#x41D;&#x418;&#x417;&#x41C;&#x42B;</subject>
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        <article-title xml:lang="ru">&#x41C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x434; &#x432;&#x438;&#x437;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x440;&#x438;&#x438; &#x434;&#x43B;&#x44F; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x432;&#x438;&#x433;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x438; &#x438; &#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x438; &#x440;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x435;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x430; &#x441; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x438;&#x444;&#x438;&#x446;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C; &#x430;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x442;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x43C; &#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x447;&#x435;&#x442;&#x430; &#x433;&#x43B;&#x443;&#x431;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x44B; &#x438;&#x437;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x440;&#x430;&#x436;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F;</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Visual odometry method for navigation and orientation of an underwater robotic system with a modified image depth estimation algorithm</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Rubtsov</surname>
              <given-names>Egor M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
          <email>rubtsov.2003inbox@mail.ru</email>
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          <institution content-type="orgname">&#x41C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x433;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x443;&#x434;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x442;&#x435;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x443;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x441;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x442; &#x438;&#x43C;. &#x41D;.&#x42D;. &#x411;&#x430;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x430; (&#x43D;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x438;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x443;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x441;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x442;), 105005, &#x420;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x441;&#x438;&#x44F;, &#x433;. &#x41C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x432;&#x430;, 2-&#x44F; &#x411;&#x430;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x443;&#x43B;., &#x434;. 5, &#x441;&#x442;&#x440;. 1</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University), 5 2nd Baumanskaya St., bldg 1, Moscow, 105005, Russia</institution>
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      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>70</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <fpage>94</fpage>
      <lpage>100</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-01">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
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        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">&#xA9; 2026 &#x421;&#x422;&#x420;&#x41E;&#x418;&#x422;&#x415;&#x41B;&#x42C;&#x41D;&#x42B;&#x415; &#x418; &#x414;&#x41E;&#x420;&#x41E;&#x416;&#x41D;&#x42B;&#x415; &#x41C;&#x410;&#x428;&#x418;&#x41D;&#x42B;. &#x412;&#x441;&#x435; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x430;&#x432;&#x430; &#x437;&#x430;&#x449;&#x438;&#x449;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x44B;.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">&#xA9; 2026 STROITEL'NYE I DOROZHNYE MASHINY. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
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        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">STROITEL'NYE I DOROZHNYE MASHINY</copyright-holder>
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          <license-p>The metadata of this record are distributed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.</license-p>
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      <self-uri xlink:href="https://iereview.ru/index.php/IE/article/view/333"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>&#x41E;&#x431;&#x44A;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43C; &#x438;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x44F;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x44F;&#x435;&#x442;&#x441;&#x44F; &#x430;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x442;&#x43C; &#x432;&#x438;&#x437;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x440;&#x438;&#x438; &#x434;&#x43B;&#x44F; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x432;&#x438;&#x433;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x440;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x435;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x430; &#x432;&#x431;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43B;&#x44E;&#x434;&#x430;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x441;&#x446;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x44B;. &#x426;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x44B; &#x2013; &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43A;&#x430; &#x438; &#x438;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x430;&#x440;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x438; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x438;&#x444;&#x438;&#x446;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x447;&#x435;&#x442;&#x430; &#x43E;&#x442;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x442; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;. &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x446;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x433;&#x430;&#x435;&#x442;&#x441;&#x44F; &#x437;&#x430; &#x441;&#x447;&#x435;&#x442; &#x440;&#x435;&#x448;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x443;&#x44E;&#x449;&#x438;&#x445; &#x437;&#x430;&#x434;&#x430;&#x447;: &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43A;&#x430; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x432;&#x438;&#x433;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x430; &#x442;&#x435;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x437;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43D;&#x430; &#x43E;&#x441;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435; &#x441;&#x442;&#x435;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43E;&#x43F;&#x430;&#x440;&#x44B;, &#x441;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x449;&#x435;&#x439; &#x438;&#x437; &#x43A;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x440; Basler acA750-30gm; &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43A;&#x430; &#x44D;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x435;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x441;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x430;, &#x438;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x442;&#x438;&#x440;&#x443;&#x44E;&#x449;&#x435;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x434;&#x432;&#x438;&#x436;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x430;&#x43F;&#x43F;&#x430;&#x440;&#x430;&#x442;&#x430; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x434; &#x43F;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;&#x44E;; &#x430;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x437; &#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x430;&#x440;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x430;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x442;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x447;&#x435;&#x442;&#x430; &#x433;&#x43B;&#x443;&#x431;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x44B; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43B;&#x44E;&#x434;&#x430;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x441;&#x446;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x44B;; &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43A;&#x430; &#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x438;&#x444;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x438; &#x441;&#x443;&#x449;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x443;&#x44E;&#x449;&#x438;&#x445; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x43E;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x442;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x442; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;. &#x41F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x43C;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x440;&#x435;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x437;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x430; &#x43D;&#x430; &#x44F;&#x437;&#x44B;&#x43A;&#x435; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; C++ &#x441; &#x438;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x437;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;&#x43C; &#x444;&#x440;&#x435;&#x439;&#x43C;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43A;&#x430; ROS2 &#x438; &#x431;&#x438;&#x431;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x44C;&#x44E;&#x442;&#x435;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x437;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; OpenCV. &#x420;&#x430;&#x437;&#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x44B; &#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x433;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x44B; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x447;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x442;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x442; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;, &#x438;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x437;&#x443;&#x44E;&#x449;&#x438;&#x435; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43F;&#x430;&#x440;&#x44B; &#x43E;&#x441;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43A; &#x438;&#x437; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x432;&#x435;&#x439;&#x435;&#x440;&#x430; &#x432;&#x438;&#x437;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x440;&#x438;&#x438;, &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x437;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x44F;&#x44E;&#x442; &#x443;&#x432;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x447;&#x438;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x447;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x445;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x438; &#x431;&#x44B;&#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x439;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x441;&#x438;&#x441;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x44B;. &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x437;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43E;, &#x447;&#x442;&#x43E; &#x43A;&#x43B;&#x430;&#x441;&#x441;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x430;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x442;&#x43C; &#x431;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x431;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x435;&#x447;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x435;&#x442; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x441;&#x43E;&#x43A;&#x443;&#x44E; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438; &#x441;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43C; &#x432;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438; &#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x44B; 6,87 &#x43C;&#x441;, &#x442;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x434;&#x430; &#x43A;&#x430;&#x43A; &#x441;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x44B; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x43A;&#x440;&#x430;&#x449;&#x430;&#x44E;&#x442; &#x44D;&#x442;&#x43E; &#x432;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x44F; &#x432; &#x441;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43C; &#x434;&#x43E; 0,63 &#x43C;&#x441;. &#x420;&#x430;&#x437;&#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x430;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x442;&#x43C; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x432;&#x437;&#x432;&#x435;&#x448;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43E;&#x446;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x433;&#x43B;&#x443;&#x431;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x44B; &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x443;&#x441;&#x435;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x434;&#x438;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43A;&#x435; &#x43E;&#x441;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43A; &#x43E;&#x431;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x435;&#x447;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x435;&#x442; &#x43C;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x443;&#x44E; &#x43E;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x443;&#x44E; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x435;&#x448;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The research focuses on a visual odometry algorithm for the navigation of an underwater robotic system operating in proximity to a planar seabed. The objective of this work is the development and investigation of standard and modified methods for estimating the altitude above the seafloor. To achieve this, the following tasks were completed: the design of a computer vision navigation system utilizing a stereo pair of Basler acA750-30gm cameras; the development of an experimental testbed simulating the motion of an underwater vehicle over a flat seabed; a comparative analysis of standard scene depth estimation algorithms; and the development of modifications to existing methods for altitude determination. The implementation was carried out in C++ utilizing the ROS 2 framework and the OpenCV computer vision library. Original methods for calculating the altitude above the seafloor were developed, leveraging matched feature point pairs from the visual odometry pipeline, which enable enhanced computational accuracy while maintaining system real-time performance.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
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</article>
